Research proposal Essay Example for Free

Research proposal Essay Roselle Jardin Ranario, DPA Research Adviser October 2013 ACKNOWLEDGMENT Thinking that this was impossible to achieve made us realize that everything would be possible especially with enough help and support from people around us. Not only motivating us but also helped us to pursue our goal. They gave us the courage to do good and guided all throughout. It is our pleasure to thank those who made this possible. To our Heavenly Father, for His divine providence and for giving us enough strength. To our families, for their moral and financial support especially during difficult times. To our very supportive adviser, Dr. Roselle Jardin-Ronario, DPA for giving us words of wisdom and guiding us all throughout. Thank you also for the patience and encouragements. TABLE OF CONTENTS TitlePage Number INTRODUCTION Rationale4 Theoretical Background7 Statement of the Problem13 Significance of the Study14 RELATED LITERATURE15 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY22 Research Design Research Environment Research Respondents Research Instrument Selected based on the performance Data Gathering Procedures23 Treatment of Data DEFINITION OF TERMS24 BIBLIOGRAPHY25 APPENDICES28 CURRICULUM VITAE29 Introduction Rationale The love and eagerness to know is the beginning of a beautiful journey towards learning. The moment we want to know about any concept, we tend to  develop attachment towards it. By then, we would like to learn more about the concept and would do anything to know better. Statistically, Mathematics has been the academic subject that has presented the greatest challenge to many students. Many researchers suggest that difficulties in learning mathematics begin as early as pre-school. They argue that inadequate knowledge and ineffective teaching by some teachers plant the seed for future complications in the mathematics classroom. In an effort to address the challenge of poor academic performance in math, there is an abundant amount of literature and research on improvement in methods of math instruction. Since then, teachers are trying to utilize their creativity and initiative to grasp more strategies on how to develop the mathematical ability of learners effectively. The students start to dislike math because they do not understand. It builds up each grade level to the point that they hate it because they have difficulty in learning. The learners were not able to master the competency that they need to master each grade level. And because of this, learners develop attitude and anxiety towards math. Computer assisted instruction being used by many Asian countries in school especially in teaching math subject is of great help for both teachers and students. This can help learners understand well the concept of numbers, symbols, and objects through clear visual, accurate, and fast learning process and develop more of their mathematical ability. Through this, learners are now more confident to learn math and learning is more effective when teaching-learning method is incorporated with both verbal and visual entity with the use of computer assisted instruction. This concern draws an interest to the researchers to know the Asian people’s math attitudes and anxieties in computer assisted instructions. The researchers attempt to help the learners to appreciate math more and with it, they will be able to start learning math better. In the long run, the learners will be able to develop their mathematical ability and be able to make use of it on their future chosen field. With the findings, the  researchers may also be able to relate it to the math learners since the researchers themselves are also a math instructor in one of the schools in Asia. The researchers may come up with effective strategies in the teaching-learning environment with the learners to improve their math performance. Theoretical Background This study is anchored by these two theories; Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory and Vygotsky’s Social Constructivist Theory. Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory is composed of four processes of goal realization: self-observation, self-evaluation, self-reaction and self-efficacy. These components are interrelated, each having an effect on motivation and goal attainment (Redmond, 2010). Self-observation–Observing oneself can inform and motivate. It can be used to assess one’s progress toward goal attainment as well as motivate behavioral changes. There are two important factors with regards to self-observation: regularity and proximity. Regularity means the behavior should be continually observed, whereas proximity means the behavior should be observed while it occurs, or shortly after. Alone, self-observation is insufficient because motivation depends on one’s expectations of outcomes and efficacy (Zimmerman Schunk, 2001). Self-evaluation– Self-evaluation compares an individuals current performance with a desired performance or goal. It is affected by the standards set and the importance of the goals. Goals must be specific and important; therefore, goals such as, do your best are vague and will not motivate. Schunk and Zimmerman (1994) state that specific goals specify the amount of effort required for success and boost self-efficacy because progress is easy to gauge. If one has little regard for his goal he will not evaluate performance. There are two types of self-evaluation standards: absolute and normative. For example, a grading scale would be an example of a fixed or absolute standard. A social comparison such as evaluating one’s behavior or performance against other individuals is an example of a normative standard  (Zimmerman Schunk, 2001). People gain satisfaction when they achieve goals that they value. When individuals achieve these valued goals, they are more likely to continue to exert a high level of effort, since sub-standard performance will no longer provide satisfaction (Bandura, 1989). Self-reaction– Reactions to one’s performance can be motivating. If the progress made is deemed acceptable, then one will have a feeling of self-efficacy with regard to continuing, and will be motivated towards the achievement of their goal. A negative self-evaluation might also be motivating in that one may desire to work harder provided that they consider the goal to be valuable. Self-reaction also allows a person to re-evaluate their goals in conjunction with their attainments (Bandura, 1989). If a person has achieved a goal, they are likely to re-evaluate and raise the standard (goal); whereas, if a person has not achieved the goal, they are likely to re-evaluate and lower the standard (goal) to an achievable goal. Self-efficacy– One’s belief in the likelihood of goal completion can be motivating in itself (Van der BijlShortridge-Baggett, 2002). Self-efficacy refers to peoples judgements about their capability to perform particular tasks. Task-related self-efficacy increases the effort and persistence towards challenging tasks; therefore, increasing the likelihood that they will be completed (Barling Beattie, 1983, as cited in Axtell Parker, 2003, p. 114). Vygotsky (as cited by Whitcomb, 2002) stresses that cognitive development is a social activity. â€Å"Every function in the child’s cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological).† Adolescents develop their own thoughts and attitudes through social interaction and communication with peers and other members of society. (Rogoff, et al, 2007). They can also learn by observing the activities and interactions of others in a social setting. Adolescent students must have access to a more knowledgeable person or persons with whom they can communicate and interact socially. Realizing this will help keep teachers aware of just how meaningful their interactions and attitudes  are to a student, and how what they say and do can influence a student. Depending on the social context of the classroom, a student may benefit from being able to interact freely and socially with other students as they learn. The teacher may be socially less approachable in the classroom context. A ten year study at Harvard (Crouch, Mazur, 2001) showed that most students learn more from group learning activities than they do studying alone or listening to the teacher dispense information. When students are required to explain their ideas to their peers in a dialogue, rather than recite whatever â€Å"correct† explanation the teacher has told them, they more fully engage their minds, using their own cultural tools and opening their own personal beliefs to eventual modification. Vygotsky’s important notion state that students learn most effectively when they are given tasks which are a little too difficult for an individual to accomplish alone but can be mastered through social cooperation, is called teaching in the students’ Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). What he means is that if the lessons and tasks given to a student are not close enough â€Å"proximal† to what the student finds challenging, then the student will not develop. Trivial exercises result in mostly boredom and little to no cognitive development. On the other end of the spectrum, if a task is too difficult for students, even when they can work together, then they will simply fail at it and also achieve little development. So there is an optimal zone, or â€Å"magic middle†, where students are challenged, but can cooperate socially to increase their mastery of the task. Such a task is said to be within the ZPD. The concept of a ZPD can also be applied to the way adolescents think and develop. Most adolescents want to develop into adults and join adult society, perhaps to be free from their diminished status below the adults within society, particularly in our culture. If we consider that operating within the ZPD is the most efficient way to develop the cognitive and social functions of an adult, then it is only natural that adolescents tend to form groups of their peers and then attempt to understand and imitate adult social and cultural behaviors. The ZPD is very strongly evidenced by classroom studies. A study at the University of Illinois (Wenning, Wenning, 2006) on the implementation of new inquiry-based lab activities, which are more challenging and more work for  both students and instructors, found that these new and difficult activities must be introduced gradually. The research group achieved great success when they began the course with lab activities that were the easiest to understand within the pre-existing scaffolding (in this case, their educational background) and within the students’ ZPD. As the course progressed, the lab activities became increasingly complex, but the students continued to succeed and increased their skills and understanding. By working within their ZPD, they were able to shift it ever higher and achieve mastery, just as Vygotsky would have predicted. When I become a physics teacher, I know I will have to use this same approach: First I will have to investigate and identify my students’ ZPD, as they did in the Illinois study.(Wenning, Wenning, 2006). Statement of the Problem This study aims to examine the relationship of Math attitude and anxiety of students in computer assisted instruction across Asian countries. Specifically, this study aims to know the following: 1. What is the Math attitude of the learners across Asian countries? 2. What are the levels of Math anxiety of the learners across Asian countries? 3. What are the types of computer assisted instruction in Math across Asian countries? 4. What are the effects of computer assisted instruction in Math attitude of the learners? 5. What are the effects of computer assisted instruction to the levels of Math anxiety of learners? Significance of the Study The results of this research study categorically benefited from many sectors of the educational institutions by providing information on the results of the performance in terms of students language achievement that will enable the teachers to know the students areas of difficulty and strength, thereby guiding them in reconstructing their program of teaching to suit their needs. Among the persons who will be directly or indirectly benefited are the following: To the principal concerned, the results of this research  study may give her insights which would encourage her to plan projects designed to improve the quality of language teaching in the public school like Minglanilla National Science High School as the lead school of all public secondary schools in the Municipality of Minglanilla, Cebu Province. The district coordinator in English of the Municipality of Minglanilla as a researcher will benefit from the experimental study for future references. He has been provided with the d ata and information necessary for his experimental analysis utilizing the macro-skills learning performance intended for High School students, particularly in science classes. This will help the English teachers in Science High School realize in order for them to understand the new approaches in teaching and to be able to use the techniques and procedures effectively. Thus, it is necessary to bring their training up-to-date. They should as well encourage independent thinking and free communication of notions among the students concerned using the tools of expressions acquired in English class because this is the eventual aim of language teaching. To the first year teachers assigned to teach pilot classes as formative years in first year, it may enable them to realize that they should understand evaluation and procedures with emphasis on experimental viewpoints and learning approaches not only them as teachers but also their students so they can integrate with their own teaching and testing. More significantly, they will realize that in fairness to their students, they should test what they really teach. The secondary freshmen as student entrants of Minglanilla National Science High School will further ameliorate their savvy based on the structured lessons and differ mentally according to the departmentalized lessons, advanced lessons presented, and general learning performance based also on their intellectual aspects of learning. It will enable the students in general to grasp at the innovative teaching-learning approaches shared with them not only by the teachers but also by the freshmen pilot classes in terms of the four (4) areas of English language teaching, namely, listening, speaking, reading and writing as sequenced in the lessons. Finally, the learning institution should initiate and institute a re-training program for the students as the training ground for them to go for the next higher level. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The learning of mathematics is affected by the confidence of learners in their mathematical abilitiesand the attitudes, beliefs, and feelings they harbour towards mathematics (Coben, 2003 as cited by Kerlinger 2004). Their conceptions of the subject and their perceptions of themselves and of their relationship to mathematics lie at the heart of their mathematics learning behaviour (Philippou Christou, 1998). For fear of embarrassment, many adults go to great lengths to avoid admitting that they experience reading difficulties, yet it appears to be normal, even acceptable, in modern life to readily admit to a dislike and misunderstanding of mathematics. Sewell (1981) suggested that at least half the population, including many with high mathematical qualifications, had negative attitudes to mathematics, ranging from lack of confidence to anxiety and even fear. According to Bandura’s sociocognitive theory, student’s motivation is a construct that is built out of individual learning activities and experiences, and it varies from one situation or context to another as cited by Pantzaira Philippou, 2007. Schereiber (2000) said that those who have positive attitudes towards Mathematics have better performance in Mathematics. Latterell (2008) writes in her book about the â€Å"Math Wars† that â€Å"Japanese people believe in gambae. Gambae means that one is successful if one works hard enough to be successful. One’s attitude and behavior must match the belief that hard work leads to success† (p. 126). Considering the results of the TIMSS, American students are no competition for Japanese students in mathematics. Japanese and other Asian students consistently outperform American students in mathematics (Latterell, 2008) and innumeracy. â€Å"Those with low mathematical abilities are likely to have more negative attitudes toward the subject and less inclination to make the effort to improve their mathematical abilities† (p. 212). Hammerman and Goldberg (2003) also state that to become successful in mathematics requires a positive attitude and belief in one’s ability to succeed. The factors affecting mathematics anxiety were mathematics achievement,  attitude toward mathematics, trait anxiety, and debilitating anxiety.^ Mathematics attitude, mathematics achievement, field indepedence, and the anxiety measures were found to be significant predictors of level of mathematics anxiety. Math anxiety is a real problem facing students, teachers, and parents. Teachers and parents that are afraid of mathematics pass that on to their students and children (Furner Duffy, 2002). Students who have math anxiety face real and long-lasting consequences. Ashcraft and Kirk (2001) describe the common belief that because of â€Å"long-term avoidance of math, and their lesser mastery of the math that couldnt be avoided, high-math-anxiety individuals are simply less competent at doing math† (p. 224). Extensive literature demonstrates that anxiety, stress, lack of confidence, and phobic reactions in the face of mathematical problems are exhibited in most modern cultures (Macrae, 2003), and math- anxiety is commonly characterized by feelings of tension, apprehension, or fear that impacts on mathematical performance (Ashcraft, 2002). It is associated with loss of self-esteem in confronting a mathematical situation (Acelajado, 2004), negative reactions to mathematical concepts and evaluation procedures, and with many constructs including working memory, age, gender, self-efficacy, and mathematics attitudes (Cates Rhymer, 2003). Students faced with the dual burdens of intractable content and math-anxiety a posteriori tend to have weak or negative mathematics self-efficacy beliefs. Bandura (1986) defined self-efficacy beliefs as â€Å"people’s judgements of their capabilities to organize and execute courses of action required to attain designated types of performances† as cited by Chiu 2009. Self-efficacy beliefs are a better predictor of success than an inventory of skills or prior achievements, and relationships have been found between self-efficacy for solving mathematics problems and mathanxiety, mathematics attitudes, general mental ability, mathematics self-concept, and mathematics experience (Finney Schraw, 2003). Yà ¼ksel-Åžahin (2008) said that Mathematics anxiety has to do with a sense of discomfort while required to work on mathematical problems (Hadfield   Trujillo, 1999; Ma, 2003). Low grades or failure in mathematics could also lead to mathematics anxiety or exasperate students’ existing levels of anxiety for mathematics (Ma Xu, 2004; Norwood, 1994; Reynolds, 2001; Satake Amato, 1995; Townsend, Moore, Tuck, Wilton, 1998). Failure in mathematics, fear and anxiety about it could cause extreme feelings of dislike about mathematics. Indeed, Hopko et.al. (2003) observed that persons with mathematics anxiety make more mistakes in dealing with mathematics problems. Poor performance in mathematics has been linked to an increase in mathematics anxiety (Furner Duffy, 2002; Hopko et.al., 2003). Megan R. Smith (2004) said that Math anxiety is a real problem facing students and teachers today. The mathematics teacher especially needs to understand the causes and effects of math anxiety as well as ways to help students overcome it. There are many symptoms of math anxiety including an unwillingness to attempt mathematics problems, a fear of taking advanced mathematics classes, and being unusually nervous when in mathematics class. Math anxiety hinders students working memory (Perina, 2002). It occurs at different ages in different people for different reasons. The main cause of math anxiety is the teacher himself It has been shown that students tend to internalize their instructors interest in and enthusiasm for teaching math (Jackson and Leffingwell, 1999). It is imperative when teaching mathematics that the teacher progresses from simple problems to complex ones (Schwartz, 2000). The students also need to have support systems in mathematics, whether this comes from their parents at home or with other students at school (Schwartz, 2000). The greatest prevention of math anxiety is the teacher himself. As stated before, the teacher needs to have a positive attitude when in class and needs to be willing to help students. The teacher must believe in the students even when they do not believe in themselves. Math anxiety is a real problem facing students, teachers, and parents. Teachers and parents that are afraid of mathematics pass that on to their students and children (Furner Duffy, 2002). Students who have math anxiety  face real and long-lasting consequences. Ashcraft and Kirk (2001) describe the common belief that because of â€Å"long-term avoidance of math, and their lesser mastery of the math that couldnt be avoided, high-math-anxiety individuals are simply less competent at doing math† (p. 224). Indeed, Hopko et.al. (2003) observed that persons with mathematics anxiety make more mistakes in dealing with mathematics problems. Such mistakes lead to lower grades in mathematics which in turn increases anxiety about math. Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) is a narrower term and most often refers to drill-and-practice, tutorial, or simulation activities. Computer based tools and applications are used to assist the teacher or school administrator in the management of the learner and instructional process. Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) A self-learning technique, usually offline/online, involving interaction of the student with programmed instructional materials. Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is an interactive instructional technique whereby a computer is used to present the instructional material and monitor the learning that takes place. Computer – based instruction is a remediation or instruction presented on a computer according to the American Institute of Research, 2004. Johnson (2000) said that the computer opens a wide range of resources. When correctly used, they give learners a different level of experience and bring new style and height of analysis in the classroom. In the Philippines, the Department of Education is in the final stage of completing the five – year Information and Communication Technology for Education Strategies Plan as Lapus (2008) puts it. Computer – based instruction is a remediation or instruction presented on a computer, the American Institute of Research (2004) reiterated. CAI is also known as Computer Assisted Instruction. Examples of CAI applications include guided drill and practice exercises, computer visualization of complex objects, and computer-facilitated communication between learners and teachers. CAI can dramatically increase a learners  access to information. The program can adapt to the abilities and preferences of the individual student and increase the amount of personalized instruction a student receives. Many students benefit from the immediate responsiveness of computer interactions and appreciate the self-paced and private learning environment. Moreover, computer-learning experiences often engage the interest of students motivate them to learn and increase independence and personal responsibility for education (Microsoft Encarta, 2008 as cited by Vibar et. Al, 2010). As mentioned by Hergenhahn and Olson (1997) Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) motivates students to learn in ways that traditional instruction may not by providing immediate feedback, personal attention, exciting visual displays, and a game-like atmosphere. In fact, students are often so motivated by CAI that depriving them of their turn with the computer acts as punishment, and giving them additional time with the computer that acts as re-enforcement. Research Methodology Research Design This study will employ quantitative approach of data analysis and presentation. It utilizes descriptive correlation method of deriving data from 4 different Asian countries namely: Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Philippines. Research Respondents The respondents of the study will be selected using data mining technique. The 4 Southeast Asian countries including Philippines are among the many that joined the Trends In Mathematics and Science Survey and based on the records, among the Southeast Asian countries, only four joined namely, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Philippines based on the 2003 TIMSS records. Research Environment The research will be conducted within the Four Southeast Asian Countries namely: Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Philippines. Research Instrument For the empirical phase of the study, the researchers will make use of the record sheet based from the Trends In Mathematics and Science Survey (TIMSS 2003). Research Procedures Gathering of Data Academic performance will be downloaded from Trends In Mathematics and Science Survey (TIMSS 2003). Through data mining technique, fou different South East Asian countries will be selected based on their performance in Math. Treatment of Data The cluster sampling will be utilized to identify the four South East Asian Countries and Pearson r correlation coefficient will help determine the relationship between Math anxiety and Math Attitude. DEFINITION OF TERMS For a better and clearer understanding of this study, the following terms are operationally defined in the context of this investigation. Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) refers to the method of teaching that uses computers to interact with students in the teaching-learning process. Math Anxiety refers to the feeling of tension or fear in Math. Math Attitude refers to the behavior towards Math TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE STUDY (TIMSS) international assessment of the mathematics and science knowledge of students from different grade levels across countries. DATA MINING TECHNIQUE getting information from a data set and makes it understandable for further use. BIBLIOGRAPHY Crouch, C. H., Mazur, E. (2001). Peer Instruction: Ten years of experience and results. American Journal of Physics, 69(9), 970-977. (Peer Instruction and Inquiry)doi:10.1119/1.1374249 Daniels, H. (2007). Pedagogy. In H. Daniels, J. Wertsch, M. Cole (Eds.), The Cambridge companion to Vygotsky. New York: Cambridge University Press. Dilber, R., Karaman, I., Duzgun, B. (2009). High school students’ understanding of projectile motion concepts. Educational Research and Evaluation, 15(3), 203-222. Ibrahim, B., Buffler, A., Lubben, F. (2009). Profiles of Freshman Physics Students’ Views on the Nature of Science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 46(3), 248–264. Mason, A., Singh, C. (2010). Helping students learn effective problem solving strategies by reflecting with peers. American Journal of Physics, 78(7), 748-754. Rogoff, B., Moore, L., Najafi, B., Dexter, A., Correa-Chavez, M., Solis J. (2007). Children’s development of culture repertoires through participation in everyday routines and practices. In J. E. Grusec P. D. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization. New York: Guilford. Pachler, Norbert, Center of Excellence for Work-based Learning for Education Professionals, Dept. of learning, Curriculum Communication, Institute of Education, University of London. 2004. Using fuzzy statistics to determine Mathematics Attitude and Anxiety, Necla Turanli (2013), Middle East Journal of Scientific Research 13 (4): 568-572, IDOSCI Publications. Megan R. Smith. (2004). Math Anxiety: Causes, Effects, and Preventative Measures. Internet Sources glwhitcomb.iweb.bsu.edu Tago et al, Mobile Learning, Challenges and Potentials. www.inderscience.comfilter.php http://www.edpubs.org. PatrickGonzales (2004). Highlights from the Trends in International Mathematics and Science study (TIMSS) 2003. [emailprotected] http://www.icmeorganizers.dk/tsg15/ APPENDIX E BUDGET SUMMARY 1. Supplies: Drawing book P 46.00 Clear FolderP 16.00 Cost of Services: a. Print out P 30.00 Total P 76.00 Prepared by: ARMESTIDES M. BARGAYO VI RESEARCH TEAM TREASURER Curriculum Vitae PERSONAL DATA Name:Odessa M. Bonjoc – Avenido Address:Luyang, Carmen, Cebu Birthday:November 15, 1983 Civil Status:Married Sex:Female Age:29 Spouse:Ariel B. Avenido EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Elementary: Luyang Elementary School Year Graduated: 1996 Secondary: Cebu Academy Year Graduated: 2000 Tertiary: University of the Visayas – Main Campus Year Graduated: 2004 Course: Bachelor in Elementary Education – Area in Mathematics Graduate Studies: Cebu Normal University Graduated: Present Course: Master of Arts in Education – Major in ELT Employment Record: Position: Teacher 2 Designation:ICT Teacher School: Luyang Elementary School – DepEd Province PERSONAL DATA Name: Armestides M. Bargayo VI Address: Lower Pakigne, Minglanilla, Cebu Birthday: October 22, 1981 Civil Status: Single Sex: Male Age: 31 years old EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Elementary: Minglanilla Central School Year Graduated: 1994 High School: Immaculate Heart of Mary Academy Year Graduated: 1998 College: University of San Carlos Year Graduated: 2002 Course: Bachelor in Secondary Education major in Math Graduate Studies: Cebu Normal University Year Graduated: Present Course: Master of Arts in Education major in Math Employment Record: Position: Math Teacher School: University of Cebu – Main Campus PERSONAL DATA Name: Jun Antoinette Z. Navaja Address: 4- E Gorordo Avenue, Kamputhaw, Cebu City Birthday: January 27, 1988 Civil Status: Single Sex: Female Age: 25 years old EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Elementary: Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepcion Year Graduated: 2001 High School: Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepcion Year Graduated: 2005 College: University of San Carlos Year Graduated: 2009 Course: Bachelor of Education major in Special Education Graduate Studies: Cebu Normal University Year Graduated: Present Course: Master of Arts in Education major Special Education- Mental Retardation Employment Record: Position: Substitute Teacher School: Barrio Luz Elementary School, DepEd Cebu PERSONAL DATA Name: Angelie Lopez Senarosa Address: Catmaran, Basak, Compostela, Cebu Birthday: April 25, 1982 Civil Status:Single Sex: Female Age: 31 years old EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Elementary: Panangban Elementary School Year Graduated: 2000 High School: Compostela National High School Year Graduated: 2003 College: Cebu Normal University Year Graduated: 2007 Course: Bachelor in Secondary Education major in Math Graduate Studies: Cebu Normal University Year Graduated: Present Course: Master of Arts in Education major in Math Employment Record: Position: Math Teacher School: Mulao National High School, DepEd Cebu

Reconciliation for 9/11 Terrorism Essay -- September 11th Terrorist At

Since the horrible tragedy on September 11th, Americans have been brainstorming for ideas on how to fight terrorism. Minds are collaborating on what can be done to reconcile the West in the minds of Islamic nations. Many strategies for attaining peace have been introduced, and steps are being made toward the appeasement of differences. The ideas for peacemaking that have already been set in motion will be discussed along with new suggestions for reconciliation. Both political and private associations in the United States have introduced wonderful solutions that have begun the process of reconciliation between Islam and the West. On the political side, President Bush visited a mosque after the terrorist attacks to depict support for American Muslims. He stated that terrorism "is not the true faith of Islam. That's not what Islam is all about. Islam is peace. These terrorists don't represent peace-they represent evil and war." (http://www.beliefnet.com/). This act helped President Bush gain the support of American Muslims who had been mistreated since the attacks. It also served as a demonstration for other Muslim countries that religion was not involved in the war. Unfortunately, since President Bush's exposure, Osama bin Laden has misled Muslims into believing that religion is a significant part of the war. In a speech he gave on November 3rd, he declares, "It is a question of faith, not a war against terrorism, as Bush and Blair try to depict it" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/). A top lieutenant to Osama Bin Laden said, "The root of terrorism is in the conflict in Palestine." Some believe that if war ends in the Middle East, a majority of the fight against terrorism will be accomplished. formerly, the United States has sided wit... ...gout place, the Arabic version of a pizza restaurant, and chat about the game, life, and whatever. Most of all, what Muslim people need to know about Americans is that we love them. Terrorism is an act of hate, and hate can be conquered only by love. God exemplified evil-dispelling love by sending his son to earth. As American Christians, we are being called to follow God's example and show our love to our neighbors, the Muslims. I will agree with the Beatles and say that in reconciliation efforts with the Muslims, "All we need is love." Now the brainstorming is done and these ideas have been introduced. It is time to act. As students of reconciliation, we must remember that Muslims and their positions can change. However, reconciliation first requires risk and sacrifice. We must take up the challenge and walk through the door of reconciliation while it is open. Reconciliation for 9/11 Terrorism Essay -- September 11th Terrorist At Since the horrible tragedy on September 11th, Americans have been brainstorming for ideas on how to fight terrorism. Minds are collaborating on what can be done to reconcile the West in the minds of Islamic nations. Many strategies for attaining peace have been introduced, and steps are being made toward the appeasement of differences. The ideas for peacemaking that have already been set in motion will be discussed along with new suggestions for reconciliation. Both political and private associations in the United States have introduced wonderful solutions that have begun the process of reconciliation between Islam and the West. On the political side, President Bush visited a mosque after the terrorist attacks to depict support for American Muslims. He stated that terrorism "is not the true faith of Islam. That's not what Islam is all about. Islam is peace. These terrorists don't represent peace-they represent evil and war." (http://www.beliefnet.com/). This act helped President Bush gain the support of American Muslims who had been mistreated since the attacks. It also served as a demonstration for other Muslim countries that religion was not involved in the war. Unfortunately, since President Bush's exposure, Osama bin Laden has misled Muslims into believing that religion is a significant part of the war. In a speech he gave on November 3rd, he declares, "It is a question of faith, not a war against terrorism, as Bush and Blair try to depict it" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/). A top lieutenant to Osama Bin Laden said, "The root of terrorism is in the conflict in Palestine." Some believe that if war ends in the Middle East, a majority of the fight against terrorism will be accomplished. formerly, the United States has sided wit... ...gout place, the Arabic version of a pizza restaurant, and chat about the game, life, and whatever. Most of all, what Muslim people need to know about Americans is that we love them. Terrorism is an act of hate, and hate can be conquered only by love. God exemplified evil-dispelling love by sending his son to earth. As American Christians, we are being called to follow God's example and show our love to our neighbors, the Muslims. I will agree with the Beatles and say that in reconciliation efforts with the Muslims, "All we need is love." Now the brainstorming is done and these ideas have been introduced. It is time to act. As students of reconciliation, we must remember that Muslims and their positions can change. However, reconciliation first requires risk and sacrifice. We must take up the challenge and walk through the door of reconciliation while it is open.

By close analysis of the language Essay

This poignant monologue from Richard is a series of thoughts which he speaks aloud as he ponders on what it to become of him. Richard is a king with extremes of emotion, and so a monologue from him is always full of poetic devices and ornamentation of language, as he conveys his emotions rather than facts. In this case, his violent change of mood leaves his desperate and depressed, as he begins to convince himself that Bolingbroke has usurped his throne once and for all, and Richard prepares to resign himself to either an existence of poverty and shame, or an untimely and undignified death. The repetition of the word â€Å"king† emphasises Richard’s pride of his title, and his bitterness in losing it. The word is used sarcastically as Richard remarks on the king doing what he â€Å"must†, when it should be the king giving orders. The line â€Å"A god’s name, let it go† could hint that Richard is relieved to no longer be king, as â€Å"let it go† could suggest dropping a burden. However, the line is ambivalent as it could also show Richard finding it difficult to let go and move on. The word â€Å"let† in any case however, shows Richard’s acknowledgement that it is his responsibility to allow his title to be removed, and that the situation could be seen as abdication as easily as it could be called usurpation. This is questionable however, as Richard is quick to blame others for his inability to rule a country and keep order. The anaphora used by Richard as he starts several consecutive lines with â€Å"my†, then states what each item will be exchanged for, is an effective rhetoric device because it makes his speech mnemonic, and emphasises how strongly he feels about having to give up everything which belongs to him. Richard is exaggerating his situation in a moment of self-pity, showing his pessimistic attitude. He believes he is being forced into a lower-class existence. The fact that he does not use the royal â€Å"we† also shows that he is humbled by the situation. However, he is still obsessed by his right to call certain things his own; he is ever possessive and desperately clinging to what is rightfully his. Richard then proceeds to talk about death; â€Å"and my large kingdom for a little grave, a little, little grave, an obscure grave†. This reference shows that Richard’s view of his situation is utterly negative, and he now believes he is doomed to death as well as believing his throne has been snatched from him. This repetition shows his tendency to exaggerate situations. Not once has his death been suggested; in fact, Bolingbroke deliberately makes it clear that his motives in confronting Richard are peaceful, that he is only there to claim that which rightfully belonged to his father, John of Gaunt. It is Richard’s view of the situation which turns this scene into an apparent potential confrontation, and it is Richard’s view which portrays Henry Bolingbroke as a violent and unfair throne usurper and destroyer of Richard’s life. Richard’s view of this situation is entirely distorted, as he is incapable of sense and reason, letting his emotional instability block out reality and justice. This habit of blowing matter out of proportion is further revealed by Richard’s conceit, or exaggerated metaphor, of creating two graves from his tears wearing away the earth. This shows Richard’s view of the situation to be not only highly morbid, but also utterly absurd. Yet it is likely that Richard says this in jest, albeit it attention-seeking and self pitying humour. Yet it seems that Richard’s humour is not even to his own taste, but instead for the sake of others. Richard says this to make Aumerle laugh, showing the contrast as Aumerle finds humour in Richard’s over-exaggeration, yet from what Richard has said previously, it seems that he believes his own words. Richard is also bitter and sarcastic in calling Bolingbroke â€Å"King†, showing his firm belief that there is no other possible outcome. The speech is written in blank verse except for the last two lines which form a couplet. This adds to the memorability of the speech, and also shows Richard’s macabre humour. In lines 178-183, Richard makes a classical reference to Phaethon, showing the depth of thought with which he has considered his predicament. The repetition of â€Å"down† conveys his ever-declining outlook, as he is now convinced he has lost all power. The final couplet, â€Å"Down court, down king, For night-owls screech where mounting larks should sing† shows how wrong Richard sees the situation as. The word â€Å"shriek† is also onomatopoeic and harsh, conveying Richard’s mental torment.

Comparative Analysis of the Health Care Systems Offered in...

Comparative Analysis of the Health Care Systems Offered in the United States and Mexico Comparative Analysis of the Health Care Systems Offered in the United States and Mexico Healthcare Comparison of United States and Mexico The objective of this report is to give a comparative analysis between the United States healthcare system and Mexicos. Its key focal point will be centered on the countries policies, how their various systems are financed, who provides healthcare, the costs of the programs and availability of access. While some factors of these two countries are similar there are varying differences among them, especially cost and access. All of the components of the two countries healthcare systems will be discussed†¦show more content†¦The U.S. is slightly behind Mexico when it comes to passing legislation that provides financial protection due to healthcare expenses and allowing healthcare to be a constitutional right. Mexico took their first step in major healthcare reform with the enactment of the System for Social Protection in Health (SSPH) in 2003 ; and was expected to insure all Mexicans by 2010 (Frenk amp; Knaul, 2005). The National Health Program (NHP or Programma Nacional de Salud) started the Popular Health Insurance (Seguro Popular) program in January 2004 with the purpose of offering voluntary basic and catastrophic healthcare coverage to all Mexicans, especially to those 50 million people that are uninsured (Frenk et al., 2003). This number of uninsured represents those that are self-employed, unemployed, work in the informal sector, or are no longer working for various reasons (Frenk, et al., 2003). Premiums for this voluntary universal health coverage are paid for in part by the Federal government, in part by the State and in part by the individual or family based on their disposable income, while the poorest of the population pay nothing (Miller, 2009). Currently, the Popular Health Insurance (PHI) program provides coverage for the previously uninsured, the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) provides cover age for those who work in the private sector and theirShow MoreRelatedMarketing Strategy for Kfc5183 Words   |  21 PagesTable of Contents Introduction. 2 Market Analysis for KFC. 5 THREATS OF KFC IN MAURITIUS. 18 Opportunities to develop and create the following in Mauritius. 20 Reasons for KFC to go overseas. 26 PESTEL Analysis. 26 Competitors Actions. 29 THE problem that KFC is facing. 29 Strategies developed to overcome the crisis. 30 New Strategies that can be adopted for the Relaunching of KFC products. 31 References. 34 Introduction. Kentucky Fried Chicken, better known as KFC, is the largest chickenRead Morehow globalization and environmental sustainability influence strategic management14776 Words   |  60 Pagestake a more proactive international approach to cooperation with a view to protecting and administering global public goods on the basis of innovative multilateral systems, and they have fostered greater equity in the way the responsibilities and costs of reversing environmental damage are shared out between rich and poor States. In the 1990s, a new ethical and political framework emerged, embracing new international legal principles for the environment and development. The most relevant ofRead MoreImpact of Emerging Markets on Marketing15122 Words   |  61 Pagesauthor is grateful to Bernard Jaworski, Ajay Kohli, and Richard Lutz for their insightful comments and thoughtful suggestions. inevitable. 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Essay Horse Meat - 1405 Words

The main problem out of the horsemeat scandal around Europe, according to specialists, (SOURCE) is not the threat to human health but more an issue of business ‘insecurity, as even major brands such as Nestlà ©, Burger King and Findus fail to meet the high standards their consumers expect by selling different products than those specified in the labels and promotion of their brands (SOURCE). Other problem is the lack of efficient traceability along the complex supply chain for meat, where unscrupulous vendors substitute beef for horsemeat taking advantage of the lowest price and the fact that so many intermediates involved in the process does not make it easy to find a single responsible. The fact of this horsemeat scandal bursting in more†¦show more content†¦It shall include all the ingredients of the food, in descending order of weight, as recorded at the time of their use in the manufacture of the food.† (Official Journal of the EU, 2011, pg.30) It is also stated, in accordance to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (Article 114) that the indication of origin is mandatory for beef and beef products in the Union ´s effort to follow the bovine spongiform encephalopathy crisis, which has increased consumer ´s expectations (Official Journal of the EU, 2011). The EU Parliament believes it is compulsory to impose this declaration also to other well-consumed types of meat such as swine, sheep, goat and poultry. Still, they are many gaps left open as for horsemeat matters and the efficient application of the laws mentioned above during the transitional period for the establishment of the new FIR. When a food information law is introduced with new requirements, it is said that a transitional period should be granted for businesses and supplier to adapt to this new legislation. In the case of the new FIR, which was accepted in July 2011, the grace period will last until 2014. In the meanwhile, suppliers not complying with the new legislation are authorized to take out their products and labels to the market and stay there until they ´re exhausted, even if the grace period is over before that occurs. (Official Journal of the EU, 2011) Nevertheless, much of these requirements already existed and wereShow MoreRelatedRunning Head : Kazakhstan s Culture1205 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: Kazakhstan’s Culture Essay 1 Kazakhstan Culture Brief Maurice Mack Senior Leader’s Course Running head: Kazakhstan’s Culture Essay 2 This paper aims to outline the main principles of culture in regards to Kazakhstan’s Geography, history, climate, political, military, infrastructure, ethnicity, religion, food, language. Kazakhstan Infrastructure Kazakhstan is the world’s ninth-biggest country and is the most economicallyRead MoreThe Ethical Implications Of Eating Meat869 Words   |  4 Pagesasked in regards to meat-eating, there is an even more important one that everyone should be asking. What are the ethical implications of eating meat? This oft-debated question has been obscured, especially in recent years, by the outcry for the humane treatment of animals being raised for food. There have been many recent documentaries, books, and debates about how these animals sometimes never see sunlight before they are slaughtered, among many other abusive treatments. In his essay, â€Å"Animal, VegetableRead More Theodore Roosevelt Essay1657 Words   |  7 Pageswhich brought about the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was next. This act says that all foods and drugs had to be tested and approved by a government official before they went onto the market. The Meat Inspection Act, â€Å"enabled t he United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) to inspect and label meat productsâ€Å"#. Theodore’s concern with the destruction of the forest, prairies, streams, and wilderness led to putting the government in charge of the regulation of the environment with the start of theRead MoreTesco and The Horsemeat Scandal1413 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction This essay attempts to critically evaluate Tesco with regards to the Horsemeat Scandal. The aim is to critically asses this event through the application of theories and readings. A brief background on how the scandal arose will be provided. Key question that must be asked are did Tesco misbehave at all? And if they did, how could they have been able to justify their actions to themselves? According to Cooper and Owen (2007) accountability is a somewhat unclear term. This is not becauseRead MoreEssay On The Mongols : How Barbaric Were The Barbarians870 Words   |  4 PagesThe Barbarians?† background essay, it states, â€Å"They were nomadic people who lived off the meat, milk and hide of horse, and the meat and wool of the sheep.† and â€Å"... cared nothing about farming.† The Mongols were clearly not advanced and were careless on their life style. Without farming and agriculture the group was forced to hunt and live off of the resources in which were available. The mongols were fairly interested in killing and brutality. In the background essay paragraph 6 it states that â€Å"SlaughterRead MoreKnight s Life Essay : Knight818 Words   |  4 Pages Alvarez World History Honors October 14, 2014 Knight’s Life Essay A knight is a soldier, a servant to kingdom weather with a sword and shield or a bow and arrow they battle for their king. To be a knight you must be of royal decent. A knight life’s a life of a protector of your king; they partake in skilled tasks such as jousting and sword fighting. A knight lives by a code of honor known as chivalry. They dined on roasted meats, fruits, and vegetables. They wore armor in battle, such as chainmailRead MoreMost Common Tools Present During The Lower Palaeolithic Period1594 Words   |  7 Pagesskill that has allowed humankind to thrive by making increasingly more efficient use of the resources in the environment. For the majority of this time, two of the most important tools have been the Oldowan chopper and the Acheulean handaxe. In this essay I will be talking about Oldowan tools, Acheulean tools, and then I will compare the Oldowan tools to the Acheulean tools and see what the differences and similarities there are between these two s tone tool industries. Hence, I will be mentioning aboutRead MoreArgument for Animal Rights Essay1194 Words   |  5 Pagesanimal be suppressed as it is being held in captivity against its will? From an evolutionary point of view it is the natural right of a stronger animal to devour a weaker one. If this is acceptable then surely it is acceptable for us to eat meat too, as we humans are more evolved than the creatures we eat. But this argument implies that if you have physical power over someone or something then you should be allowed to do what you want. If this was the case, it would be perfectlyRead MoreMy Favorite Food848 Words   |  4 Pages-Here are some guidelines for writing a descriptive essay: Take time to brainstorm If your instructor asks you to describe your favorite food, make sure that you jot down some ideas before you begin describing it. For instance, if you choose pizza, you might start by writing down a few words: sauce, cheese, crust, pepperoni, sausage, spices, hot, melted, etc. Once you have written down some words, you can begin by compiling descriptive lists for each one. Use clear and concise language. Read MoreWhy Evolution Is True?1079 Words   |  5 PagesWhy is Evolution True Essay - Final Over the past few centuries, humans have been questioning and debating over what makes evolution true. In Jerry Coyne’s work, Why Evolution is True, he noted two kinds of evidence from Darwin’s theory of evolution. 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Analysis Of The Movie The Great Gatsby By F. Scott...

Friendly Carrie was more of a quiet person who never did anything to anyone. She worked hard on her grades. She wasn’t a very outgoing person. Carrie’s hair was dyed pink, she usually wore ripped jeans and plain t-shirts. Alison on the other hand was the total opposite of Carrie. Alison was known as the school bully. She never did her homework, and she was loud and outgoing and not to mention very mean. Alison had black hair and usually wore shorts and t-shirts. Both Carrie and Alison had blue eyes. One day Carrie was walking down the hallway, they hallway had white walls and white tiled floor with one colorful tiled tile. Alison was walking towards her. When Alison got closer to Carrie she started bullying her by saying very mean and offensive things to her like â€Å"You’re stupid, you’re ugly and no one likes you!’’ Carrie didn’t say anything to her just ignored her. When Alison saw Carrie had no reaction she pushed Carrie into a wall. Carrie hit the back of her head on the locker and fell to her knees afterwards. She cried because of the paint it caused. Months went by and Alison’s bullying got worse verbally and physically. One day it got to Carrie and she finally stood up for herself, she wasn’t going to get bullied into silence. The next day Alison came up to her and before she could say anything Carrie said in a firm voice â€Å"What is your problem? I’ve never done anything to you. Why are you bullying me? If something is going on at home talk to someone about it.’’Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1186 Words   |  5 PagesLong beaten out by the glaring sun, Noctis and his friends stood on outside of the car. Prompto, who was leaning on the front wheel, gawked at the young woman coming up to them. Her blonde hair was tucked underneath a faded, red cap, along with that, she wore faded blue jean shorts and a faded yellow jacket zipped down to reveal an orange bikini top that Prompto couldn t help but drool over. So which one of y all is the prince? She asked, speaking in a thick, southern drawl. Noctis stood upRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgeralds Personl Influences on The Great Gatsby1762 Words   |  7 Pagesdead.† (Fitzgerald, 1925). The Great Gatsby is a novel written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, published in 1925, and takes place in 1922. The novel greatly exemplifies the time period that it takes place in, known as â€Å"The Roaring Twenties† or â€Å"The Jazz Age†. One way of exemplification is prohibition and the Volstead Act. According to David J. Hanson from Potsdam.edu, the Volstead Act, which took place in 1919, established National Prohibition of alcoholic beverages (Hanson, 2013). Fitzgerald made hisRead MoreEmily Liddick. Mrs. Campbell. English 2. 23 April 2017.1203 Words   |  5 PagesApril 2017 Gatsby Analysis Essay Cinematic techniques are methods that authors use to convey specific pieces of information in a narrative. Some examples of this would be the angle shots, flashbacks, themes, symbols, etc. In both the movie and the novel of The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald portrays multiple instances of these techniques. This not only enhances the effect that it has on the audience, but it also constructs similarities and differences between both the novel and the movie. For instanceRead MoreThe American Dream in The Great Gatsby and This Side of Paradise1382 Words   |  6 PagesFrances Scott Fitzgerald was born on September 24th, 1896 in St. Paul Minnesota and died of a heart attack in an apartment in Hollywood on December 21st, 1940. Throughout his career, Fitzgerald wrote many works, traveled the world, and served in the United States Army. F. 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Scott Fitzgerald Essay1359 Words   |  6 PagesPsychoanalytic media analysis argues that literary texts, like dreams, express the secret unconscious desires and anxieties of the characters within a movie, and the literary work is a manifestation of the Id, Super-Ego, and Ego. The text that I will analyze using the psychoanalytic media theory will be the film The Great Gatsby, originally a novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald. I will be using Freud’s primary psychoanalytic theory of the ID, Ego, and Super-Ego to analyze the movie The Great Gatsby, and also analyzeRead MoreThe American Nightmare2241 Words   |  9 Pageslikely I shall ever find again† (Fitzgerald 6). In The Great Gatsby, the narrator, Nick Carraway, was describing his neighbor’s goal of marrying a woman named Daisy. Gatsby, however, did not realize the futility of his dream which ended up costing him his life. The Great Gatsby was written by Fitzgerald in 1925 and takes place in the summer of 1922. 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Business Model Innovation Delivering Products †Free samples

Question: How To Business Model Innovation Delivering Products? Answer: Introducation: There is misconception about the meaning of the word strategy as individuals tend to confuse them with goals and objectives. However, strategies are means to achieving these goals and objectives. In the current world of business where globalization influences the daily operations of organizations, a good strategy is directive, informative, and analytical. A good strategy is like a work plan that is meant to guide an organization towards attaining victory by maintaining a competitive position in the highly globalized market (Kryscynski 2015). A certain organization cannot adapt a strategy used by another organization because development of a strategy is guided by the business ideas, which are different for different companies mainly because different companies have different market niches. Also, a company can only develop a strategy that is in alignment with the resources at its disposal to ensure sustainability of the strategy. Strategies should continuously undergo evolution as indi cated by the case of McDonalds below to meet the changing preferences and demands of customers (Trefis Team 2016). One company that needs could benefit from a good strategy is the McDonalds considering the current emphasis on healthy nutritious foods. As individuals are becoming more cautious of their health, there is need for the McDonalds, which is a reputable international company to know how to maintain its position in reference to the varied nutritional needs of customers. Questions have especially risen about the nutritional fact labels, and even though McDonalds is utilize available resources to maintain its position in customer service, it needs to diversify its competition as demand for fast unhealthy foods might dwindle over time (Gingiss 2014). Therefore, the company should venture into new fields to enhance competition and maintain a unique position in the restaurant industry but including healthy options of food to its menu of fast foods. In addition, it can extend this new product by making home deliveries in view of the fact that the life nowadays is characterized by a beehive of a ctivities, and people are busy striving to make their lives convenient. Business Model Innovation A company should always seek to improve its way of delivering products and services; otherwise, it is bound to fail like has been the case with popular and renowned companies, such as Nokia or Commodore Computers (Gassmann 2013). A company that is progressively seeking to enhance the quality of its products increases customer values and develops a strong brand image for itself. Model innovation is dynamic and it includes various strategies revolving around who, how, value, and what. A company is only able to remain competitive if it can revolutionize its business by learning from what others are doing. A business should always be on the lookout for opportunities through which it can initiate a new business model and undergo the various subsequent processes of ideation, integration, and implementation. As customers strive to get the latest product in the market, a company that does not devise new business model innovation plans time and again loses its value and even though it might h ave good strategies, a poor business model does not give it a competitive edge over its rival companies. Usually, a new business model does not require additional capital; rather, using the very same resources, a company can widen its customer base (Girotra and Netessine 2014). One company that could benefit from business model innovation is Samsung. Despite the fact that it has done well in the past years due to its diverse products; other than phones, Samsung develops tablets, computers and related accessories, and this makes enhances its business model. However, an improved model innovation could enhance their phones, which have a limitation due to the rapidly draining battery to the extent that iPhone tends to override Samsungs phone products (Gurman and Boksenbaum-Granier, 2016). If Samsung can work to resolve the high power drain issue that is characteristics of their phones, they would improve their current position, and their phones would gain more value. In the face of ongoing competition, Nokia failed to revolutionize its business model; hence, as other phone companies created more customer value for their products, Nokia did nothing to stay aloof of the ongoing competition. In the wake of the current level of technology, Nokia can develop a produ ct with the various technologies from the different companies that give each its competitive advantage and integrate a new feature, for example 5G network; thereby, surpassing other products. Trade Opportunities Professor Pankaj Ghemawat uses the CAGE framework to indicate the relations between countries that tend to govern trade. The CAGE framework denotes the cultural, administrative/political, geographic, and economic factors can either deter or reinforce trade relations (Pankaj Ghemawat 2015). This framework can be used to explain the various global trade bodies that are developed with the aim of promoting trade between the countries involved in the formation of these bodies. Often, countries sharing a common language, engaged in agreed upon trade regulations and arrangements, sharing a common border, and having almost the same GDP per capita are more likely to engage in trade relations that other countries that do not share cultural, political, economic, or geographic relationship. One main example is between Africa and Russia. NAFTA comprised of trade agreements between Canada, Mexico, and the United States is enabled by the fact that Canada and Mexico both share a land border with the United States. All the three countries are regarded as profitable countries; hence, they have similar economic benefits that they can use to propel their trade relations without either one country feeling as if it is at a disadvantage (Ghemawat 2007). The concept of operation on the same level is very important because it prevents conflict and exploitation of one country by the other. NAFTA entails countries around America whose cultural orientation is relatively the same, that is, it is characterized by diversity and use of English as a common language to facilitate interaction. Even though the World Trade organization tends to bring different countries across different cultures together, countries have a common understanding in reference to the CAGE framework are more likely to explore and indulge in trade opportunities wi th one another (Schonfeld 2016) References Trefis Team. (2016) How McDonalds is effectively executing its turnaround strategy? Forbes [online]. available from https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2016/05/03/how- mcdonalds-is-effectively-executing-its-turnaround-strategy/#3c3d55cb4c69. Gassmann, O. (2013) Business Model Innovation. [online] available from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B4ZSGQW0UMI [30 April 2017]. Ghemawat, P. (2007) Redefining Global Strategy: Crossing Borders in a World where Differences still Matter. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing. Girotra, K., and Netessine, S. (2014) Four Paths to Business Model Innovation. Harvard Business Review [online]. available from https://hbr.org/2014/07/four-paths-to-business- model-innovation. Gurman, M., and Boksenbaum-Granier, A. (2016). Exploding Samsung Phones show Perils of Building Better Battery. Bloomberg Technology [online]. available from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-09-14/users-pushed-for-battery-life-got- exploding-smartphones-instead. Kryscynski, D. (2015) What is strategy? [online] available from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TD7WSLeQtVw [29 April 2017]. Pankaj Ghemawat: CAGE Framework for International Trade-Global Matters (2015) [online] available from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7FpUJaG7uMk [29 April 2017]. Schonfeld, B. (2016) Why the U.S. needs the World Trade Organization. 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